Masteropk: March 2011

Thursday, March 24, 2011

> Using the Image Engine

Type of machine images:

- Machine picture with a pendulum system, if the movement rule
images with the help of ballast (pendulum) with the aim that
ruler image if not in use is still in a state of tense
which means that still remain in place initially because
tension assisted with ballast rule. But if not
using a pendulum, the ruler image if not used
always under the drawing board, making it less practical
early users.

- Machine picture with the Tracker system, consisting of horizontal bars
and vertical. Horizontal rod serves as a place
Conductor rod or vertical position in the movement to
right and left. If the vertical bar as the locus
drawing machine that moves up and down.

Engine parts drawings Tracker

1. Handel Horizontal
2. Handel Vertical
3. Regulatory screw Ruler
4. Handel Precision Ruler
5. Handel Regulatory Angles
6. Handel Angle Accuracy
7. Handel Pengerak Fine
8. Screw Opener Ruler
9. Regulatory screw Kesikuan

Function parts-drawing machine bagiain Tracker

Handel Horizontal
Function for a picture machine crossbar can not move to the right
nor to the left so it can only move upwards and downwards
vertically, when handelnya locked.

Handel Vertical
Function for a picture machine crossbar can not move up
or down so only to move to the right and left
below the horizontal direction, if handelnya locked.

Regulatory screw Ruler
If the desire not to touch mistarnya drawing board
because they want to pull paper when you finish drawing the picture
drawing paper or install if want to start drawing.
The purpose of doing this work for practically no need to open
rule openly. As for how it works simply by rotating
screw-clockwise or vice versa.

Handel Precision Ruler
Function handle this is to match the image with ruler
paper to fit the edges with the road relaxes
and when it is appropriate handelnya handelnya dikecangkan again. So
laying of drawing paper can be haphazard. However, if
crowd used for example in schools should not cultivated
play it if not forced to handle.

Handel Regulatory Angles
Allows you to set the required angle ruler
it's just that with multiples of 15 º and can be locked automatically
if handelnya released.

Handel Angle Accuracy
Where the regulator handle to a multiple of 15 º angle, to handle
angle accuracy can be used in position 17 º, 22 º, 38 º
which obviously is not a multiple of 15 º. But still, beginning with
create or free up stubborn regulator first corner
new set point is then handel accuracy
angle toned. When you have unwanted handelnya
returned to normal position.

Handel Pengerak Fine
Once we set up the paper and then use the handle
precision ruler to set the bar on drawing paper, then
differences may still exist for it for the right position
used the handle smooth mover with a detour
screws for the handle bar tetapt position then tightened.
And this can also be done on an existing drawing paper
pictures posted on the drawing board and then for the line
still coincides with the ruler then use the handle smooth mover.

Screw Opener Ruler
Ruler images often dirty because of the ink stick. For
cleaning is sometimes not enough to clean up
the ruler is installed, but need to open up for Facebook
clean, then use a screw opening in terms of rule
retrieve and install mistarnya.

Regulatory screw Kesikuan
In drawing the ruler that is used should really
elbow. To check our picture machine crossbar kesikuan
using a ruler triangle really kesikuannya already
checked. Triangle ruler is placed between the crossbar and then drawing machine
seen already coincide or not, if not coincide then
kesikuan regulator screws are located first and then relaxed
dihimpitkan picture machine crossbar when it coincides with the triangle
screw can be tightened again. For adequate arrangements
in a single screw are used.

> Adhesive tape

Adhesive tape also called cellulose tape, usually used for
drawing paper attached to the drawing board.

Adhesive tapes are there different kinds, namely:

- Thick adhesive tape
- Thin adhesive tape
- Double adhesive tape (alternating)
- Colored adhesive tape
- Transparent adhesive tape for tracing.

For tracing usually worn thin adhesive tape, because the power
lekatnya strong, not easy to shift and does not cause gross
on paper.

But if the table gambanya coated magnet then simply
using a thin steel plate.

> Using Various Ruler

Triangle
Triangle is used to draw a line straight, oblique or
parallel. Materials used mostly transparent mica because
light. Usually used in a pair of triangles are triangles
with angle 45o - 45o and a triangle, with angle 60o - 30o.

How to use:
Before a triangle or a tool of this type are used, should be examined
formerly with the following eligibility requirements:

- The edge of the ruler (the triangle) should be flat
- Should really elbow (90o)

After review and found the tool in good condition,
then the triangle can be used in accordance with its function,
namely to make a straight line or make a line perpendicular
that must be considered in this regard are:

- Point the pencil perpendicular (90 °) to the triangle
- 80o tilt towards the pull of a pencil line
- Draw a line in pencil while playing

Ruler Picture
Ruler image is also used to draw a straight line in the distance
long. Ruler picture (sketch Haak) is usually made of
wood or mica. But there's also made of wood and mica.
Ruler picture consists of two parts, namely the rule that
ruler length and the head angle 90o.

When using the ruler image, the head of the ruler
images must be sealed on the side table held picture
with his left hand. But for a lefty should seek alternative
Another rule is to look for specific images.

Ruler images used to create horizontal lines, can also
to make a point of 30o, 45o, 60o or 90o to the rescue
triangle. After use should be hung on a nail bar
so as not to become crooked.

Thursday, March 17, 2011

> Adhesive tape

Adhesive tape also called cellulose tape, usually used for
drawing paper attached to the drawing board.

Adhesive tapes are there different kinds, namely:

- Thick adhesive tape
- Thin adhesive tape
- Double adhesive tape (alternating)
- Colored adhesive tape
- Transparent adhesive tape for tracing.

> Using Various Ruler

How to use:
Before a triangle or a tool of this type are used, should be examined
formerly with the following eligibility requirements:

- The edge of the ruler (the triangle) should be flat
- Should really elbow (90o)

- Point the pencil perpendicular (90 °) to the triangle
- 80o tilt towards the pull of a pencil line
- Draw a line in pencil while playing

Ruler images used to create horizontal lines, can also
to make a point of 30o, 45o, 60o or 90o to the rescue
triangle. After use should be hung on a nail bar
so as not to become crooked.

> Drawing straight lines Straight

Perpendicular

By triangle

1. Put the sloping sides of a triangle such that 45o-45o
coincides with the line 1 which is known and the bottom
detained by the other triangle.
2. Rotate triangle of 45o-45o 90o (see arrows
B) then the hypotenuse will be perpendicular to line l. Sliding
triangles (see arrow b) if necessary.
3. Pull the line m.

Line Tilt

> Drawing Parallel Lines & Curves

Drawing Parallel Lines
To membuata parallel lines, the first one used triangular
guidelines should not be moved. Put the following triangle
The second line in accordance with the desired direction and pull the line.
Next slide the second triangle in accordance with the distance
desired then tarisk lines and so on.

Drawing Curved Lines
To make a curved line using the term should
first determined the radius of a circle or round center circle.
For example, the radius of the circle center of M1 is greater than the radius
M2 center circle

- Create a central axis line of rotation curves of M1 and M2
appropriate large radius.
- Make a half circle with a term from the center of M1, then
proceed to make a half circle with a term in
M2 centers, then it happens that berbubungan curved lines,
See picture below.

To create curved lines with curved mall should
attention to the point where that will be connected to
curvature does not seem awkward or do not comply. Try
withdrawal line through 3 connecting points as possible, if
forced to connecting only with the 2 points should be viewed
truth curve.

Specified an arbitrary point A, B, C, D and E

- Find the mall curve corresponding to the third arch
points A, B and C
- Find more malls to suit curved arch C, D
and E
- It turns out the curved lines for A, B, c, d and e are not aligned
- The curve C, D and E canceled
- Use the mall curved to point C and D only, but
estimated arches connecting or so one
- And lastly make arc from point D and E for
The next arch connecting the mall looking for a suitable
- The pull of arch can be seen the following image.

> Dividing Lines

Line AB is divided into two parts equal in length.
a. Create two circular arcs with A and B as
center, the radius R arbitrary. Both bow to each other
intersect in a and b
b. Pull the line ab which cuts AB at C
c. Then AC = CB

Divide the line AB into parts of the same length.
(For example, is divided into 8 parts)
a. Pull any line (from A)
b. The size of the line ah part of the same length
term using Aa = ab = bc = cd = de = ef = fg = gh
c. Connect the dots with B h
d. Pull of the points: g, f, e, d, c, b, a, a line parallel
HB line these lines will cut AB in dots
which divide into 8 equal parts long.

> Introduction Forex

KNOW FOREX CLOSER

Forex trading is the trading of currencies from different countries with each other. Forex is an abbreviation of Foreign Exchange. For example, currency in circulation in Europe called Euro (EUR) and in the United States, the currency in circulation is called the U.S. Dollar (USD). An example of forex trading is to buy euros, while simultaneously selling the U.S. Dollar. This is called will be abbreviated as EUR / USD.

Meanwhile, whose name The Forex market is non-stop cash market where currencies are traded countries, usually through a broker. Foreign currencies are constantly and simultaneously bought and sold in local and global market then experienced 'increase or decrease in value based upon currency movements. Foreign exchange market conditions can change at any time in response to real-time event.

The Forex market is often called the foreign exchange market, this is a huge market with growing financial and liquid (can deposit and liquidated at any time), which operates 24 hours a day. This is not a market in the traditional sense because there is no central trading location. Most trading is done through the electronic trading network. Foreign exchange market allows companies, banks and other financial institutions to buy and sell foreign currency, in large quantities.

The main market for the currency markets are "inter bank" where banks, large corporations and large financial institutions manage the risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

MAJOR CURRENCIES

The following are the major currencies traded in the market:
U.S. Dollar (USD)
Japanese Yen (JPY)
Euro (EUR)
Canadian Dollar (CAD)
Australian Dollar (AUD)
Swiss Franc (CHF)
British Pound (GBP)

MARKET ACTORS
In general, forex Market Performer from various groups including:

    Customer
    Banks and Financial Institutions
    Brokers
    Government
    Business Performer
    Speculator

Customers, such as multinational corporations, to participate in the forex market because they need foreign currency for their trade in other countries. Like for example, a particular company based in the UK need to use the foreign exchange market to buy the currency they need to pay for their partner companies in other countries that sell heavy equipment.

Banks and financial institutions, is the most active participants in the forex market. They deal with other financial institutions to ask their foreign exchange and currency they can buy what they need in the forex market. In addition to central banks and governments, one of the biggest players in forex transactions are banks. Interbank market is a market where big bank2 transact among themselves and determine the currency price be seen by traders as a distinguished individual as we are on a computer screen.

Banks, in general, act as dealers who buy / sell currency at the bid / ask her. One way the banks make money is to sell the currency with a higher price than he bought to their customers. Because the forex market is not centralized alias decentralized, then the natural thing to see one bank with another bank had a little difference in the exchange rate

Brokers is a company with links computer software or phone lines to banks around the world. It is the job of forex broker to find out what bank has the highest level to buy the currency and what the bank has the lowest level to sell the currency.

Using a broker allows the bank to find the best deal available in the world. Forex brokerage firms, but is not associated with his own money but only a commission fee for their services.

Government, is the most influential actors forex, as well as the central bank. In many countries, the central bank is an arm of government and its policies run together with the government. However, some governments feel more independent. A central bank more effective in carrying out its duties to boost the economy. Regardless of how indipendennya a central bank, government representatives are regularly consulted by central bank representatives to discuss monetary policy. So, governments and central banks usually have a package in terms of monetary policy. Central banks often intervene in the market for a particular country's economic objectives.

Business Performer, is one of the biggest clients of these banks, those engaged in international transactions. Both businesses are selling goods to international clients or buy goods from international suppliers, they have to deal with the volatility of currency fluctuations. Uncertainty becomes thing hated by management and business owners. Faced with foreign exchange risk is a big problem for multinational companies. For example: a company in Germany ordered equipment from factories in Japan to be paid in yen a year from now. Because exchange rates can fluctuate wildly dg throughout the year, the German company will not know whether the Euro will be spend more or not at the time of delivery later. One way for businesses to reduce uncertainty due to foreign exchange risk is to go to the spot market and transact directly to foreign currency they need. But, unfortunately, a businessman may not have enough money on hand to make spot transactions or do not want to hold the amount of foreign currency which is very much for a long time. Hence business people often apply the hedging strategy to lock a specific currency at a certain price for a position in the future.

Speculators, they were instead to hedging so as not subject to price movements for reasons of international transactions, speculators are trying to earn money by taking advantage of price fluctuations. One of the most famous speculator George Soros possible. Billionaire who is known to decrease speculation in the British Pound generating 1.2 billion dollars less than a month! Some critics say that such people are responsible for the Asian financial crisis of the late '90s.

> Differences Forex And Stock Trading

Equation
So also in stock, in forex trading, the main goal is to gain profit from the difference between the price movement. But there are several things which distinguish the two. Many people assume that forex is more 'sexy'. Let's see the comparison.

Comparison
Capitalization
No one is bigger than the forex market, in any market and any kind. Which remains the largest Forex. So we can say the forex market is very liquid. For comparison, if we look at the JSE stock market trading transaction is about 4-7 Trillion / Day. 're My world forex market is 3.5 Trillion Dollars (Remember in Dollars), which means 1000 x fold greater. You can try to calculate yourself how many zeros it:)

24 Hour Market and non-stop.
Forex market is 24-hours without limit. Broker open from Sunday at 14:00 ET until Friday at 16:00 ET with customer service available 24 / 7. With the ability to serve the U.S. market trade, Asian, and European markets, you can customize your own trading schedule. Compare this with the example of the local stock exchange (JSE), open only during weekdays (Monday till Friday) at 09:30 hours until 16:00. For those of you who work formally (office), surely this would clash with your schedule.

Commission-free
Most forex brokers do not impose additional costs (commissions or transaction costs). Brokers have taken services from the spread between the selling / buying. As for the shares (JSE) you must pay a fee of 0.15% s / d 0.3% of the selling / buying.

The speed of transaction / Order
You do not need to queue for as soon as possible on transactions / orders. Unlike stocks where you have to wait in line for your order to the realisasika. In the forex is not necessary, very large market which allows the number of buyers and sellers are not unlimited.
However keep in mind that the broker can serve your order as soon as possible with normal market note, a condition in which price movements are extreme (volatile), the broker may delay your order in a moment.

The potential advantage of two directions
Unlike with stocks or equity, in forex you can benefit both directions, both when the market goes up, down, or where prices / market will move. In the short term sell existing shares (aimed at a profit when the stock price falls), Yes indeed similar, but you can not do it on all stocks, only on certain stocks.

Complexity
There are about 4,500 stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Another 3500 are listed on NASDAQ. About which stocks would you perdagankan / select? Have enough time to stay abreast on top of so many companies / stock?
In forex trading, there are dozens of currencies traded, but most of the trading market is on the 4 major pairs (USD, EURO, GBP, YEN). Is not four pairs much easier to control than thousands of stock?

Bandar free
You'll often with the word 'fried' in stocks, especially in the local stock market / JSE. Well, why a stock can be fried? Because there is a person / group of persons / financial institutions, with the fund market is relatively strong, constantly buying a stock. This makes as if a stock is rising, and many individual traders who are affected to the bandwagon to buy the shares. At the time the price had risen in accordance with the wishes of airports, airports as soon as possible to sell these shares (airports profit).
How about forex? Quite simply, kira2 how much capital needed to drive the market worth 3.5 Trillion Dollars, The point of money who is there that much.
Perhaps only in China because, according to information which could have four Trilyuan dollar reserves. But what would he risk to risk all that money just for 1 day of trading. :)

Rumors
In stock a rumor or gossip .. kecil2 an, will be able to move the price. Especially if the rumors are sometimes packaged in the form of distinguished professionals, such as stocks and guide TA performed on TV, radio, etc. .. Sometimes this can move the stock price. However, in the forex can be said is impossible. Is it possible to spread the rumor reached the ears of all traders in the world? You answered yourself:)

Will define
In forex trading, we are bound by a global / international financial markets around the world. When we play the local stock, then you should look is the Indonesian economy. And the local stock price movements (CSPI), will never be influential in the forex trade (such as the price of pair EUR / USD). But global conditions and sentiment is happening in the forex market, sometimes can affect up to local stocks or shares of certain countries. The reason is that today such as EUR / USD goes up (market / value of U.S. fall), it can be seen that the U.S. economy is down. Usually when the U.S. economy down U.S. stocks are also on the down, the next may be impacting the JSX.

> Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for Buildings

Indonesian National Standard (abbreviated INS) is the only
nationally accepted standards in Indonesia. SNI formulated by
Technical Committee and determined by the BSN. Test Distribution by sector
International Classification for Standards (ICS), which is divided into 9 sectors
as follows:

- Agriculture and food technology
- Construction
- Electronics
- Information and communication technology
- Engineering technology
- Infrastructure and natural sciences in general
- Health, safety and environment
- Materials technology
- Special technology
- Transport and food distribution

Furthermore, SNI in construction and buildings grouped by
Department of Public Works into related fields more
Specifically, among others: the structure of the building, construction, building safety,
building, housing, bridges, roads, materials and materials, and others. When
This SNI construction sector that has reached more than 769 ISO, which
grouped above methods, specifications and ordinances. Some examples
SNI list for the field structure in table 1.1.

> Implementing K3 Activities in the Field

Implementation of K3 in the field include:

K3 activity in the field of safety implementation plan, through kerjansama with relevant agencies of K3, namely the Department of Labour, the police and rumahnsakit.

K3 implementation supervision activities, including:

- Safety patrol, which is a K3 team consisting of 2 or 3 people
carry out patrols to record things that do not fit
K3 and provisions that are at risk of accidents.
- Safety supervisors; is the officer who appointed the project manager
to conduct supervision of the implementation work
viewed in terms of K3.
- Safety meeting, which is meeting to discuss project results
safety reports and safety patrol supervisor

Reporting and handling accidents, consisting of:

- Reporting and handling of minor accidents
- Reporting and handling of serious accidents
- Reporting and handling of accidents with fatalities
- Reporting and handling of heavy equipment accidents

> Preparation of Safety Plan

Safety plan is a plan
K3 for project implementation
which aims for in the implementation
project will be
safe from accidents and hazards
disease resulting
labor productivity
high. Safety plan contains:

Opening that contains: Overview of the project and principal attention to the activities K3
The risk of accidents and its prevention
The procedure for operation of equipment
Address related institutions: Hospitals, Police, Department of Labour, Department Firefighter.

Examples of the contents of the safety plan as in Table 1.2 of the risk of accidents and
prevention, as well as table 1.3 regarding the procedure of the operation of the appliance.

> Training Courses K3

The training program consists of the K3 2 parts, namely:

Training in general, with training materials regarding the K3 guide the project, for example:

- Practical implementation of occupational safety and health
on building projects
- Handling, storage and maintenance materials
- Safety and health in the civil works
- Safety and health in the work of finishing outside
- Safety and health in the work of mechanical and
electrical
- Safety and health at work finishing in
- Safety and health at work formwork
- Safety and health at work pembesian
- Safety and health work in temporary jobs
- Safety and health in the work of steel frame
- Safety and health in the work of the special structure
- Safety and health at work pembetonan
- Safety and health in the work of pile foundation and
strutting
- Safety and health in demolition job

Special training project, which is given at the beginning of the project and in the middle period of the project as a refresher, the participants all the officers involved in project supervision, the materials on general knowledge about the K3 or the Safety Plan of the relevant projects

> Supplies and Equipment K3

Supplies and equipment
supporting programs K3,
include:

Promotion programs K3, which consists of:

- Installation of flag K3,
RI flag, flag company.
- Installation of sign-board
K3 which contains among other
slogans that remind
the need to work
safely

Facility equipment attached to the person or called protective equipment (personal protective equipment), including:

- Protective eye and face

Safety glasses (figure 1.7a) is the equipment most
widely used as protective eyewear. Although it seems
similar to ordinary glasses, but a stronger safety glasses
and impact resistant and heat resistant than ordinary glass eye.
Goggle provides better protection than
Safety glass for more against the face (figure 1.7b)

Face shield (Figure 1.8a) provides protection
comprehensive in the face of danger splashes of chemicals, the object
flying or liquid iron. Many of these face shield
can be used in conjunction with the use of helmets.

Welding helmet (Figure 1.8b) gives good protection in
face and also eye. This helmet uses a special lens holder
which filters out light and heat energy intesnsitas which
generated from welding activities.

- Hearing protection, and the type most widely used:
Foam earplugs, PVC earplugs, earmuffs (figure 1.9)

- Protective head or helmet (hard hat), which protects the head
because it has the following: a layer of hard, resistant and strong
against the impact of the head; suspension system
in it act as a drag shocks; some
designed to withstand the kind of electric shock, and protect
scalp, face, neck and shoulders from splashes, spills, and droplets.

The types of protective head as shown in Figure 1.10, among others:
Class G to protect the head from falling objects; and
protect from electrical shocks to 2200 volts.
Class E to protect the head from falling objects, and can
protect from electric shock to 20,000 volts.
Class F to protect the head from falling objects, NOT
protect from electric shock, and do not protect from
damaging materials (corrosive)

- Protective feet of shoes and boots, as seen in
1.11ag picture, among others:

a) Steel toe, shoes that are designed to protect the toe of
falling objects
b) metatarsal, shoes specially designed to protect all
foot from the lever until finger
c) Reinforced sole, this shoe is designed with a reinforcing material from
iron that will protect from puncture of the foot
d) Latex / Rubber, shoes that are resistant to chemicals and
provide a stronger grip on slippery surfaces.
e) PVC boots, shoes that protect from moisture and helps
walking in the muddy
f) Vinyl boots, shoes that bear chemical solvents, acids, alkali, salt, water and blood
g) Nitrile boots, shoes that are resistant to animal fats, oils, and chemicals

- Hand protection in the form of gloves to the type-species
as shown in Figure 1.12ag, among others:

a) Metal mesh, gloves that are resistant to end things
sharp and protect hands from cuts
b) Leather gloves, protects hands from rough surfaces.

c) Vinyl and neoprene gloves, protects hands from toxic chemicals
d) Rubber gloves, protects hands when working with electricity
e) padded cloth gloves, protects hands from sharp edges, bumpy and dirty.
f) Heat resistant gloves, protects hands from heat and fire
g) disposable latex gloves, protects hands from bacteria and germs

- Protective danger of falling with the kinds of, among others: (drawing 1.13)

a) Full Body Hardness (Clothes Fall Hazards holder), the system
designed to spread the impact energy or
shock at the time of fall through the shoulders, thighs and buttocks.

Clothing retaining danger of falling is designed with the design
comfortable for the wearer where the fastener shoulders, chest,
and thigh straps can be adjusted by the wearer. Clothing
danger of falling retaining ring is equipped with "D" (high)
located behind and in front of where the connecting rope
fastener, rope or other auxiliary equipment that can
paired

b) Life Line (string connection), connection string bending with tensile strength
minimum of 500 kg of which one end tied to place
linkages and hang vertically, or attached to
place another link to be used horizontally

c) Anchor Point (Links Place), where menyangkutkan hook
which at least should be able to withstand 500 kg per worker
using the relation thereto. Place the link should be selected to prevent the possibility of falling. Place the link, if
possible should be placed higher than the wearer's shoulders

d) Lanyard (Tali Binder), a flexible short rope or webbing
rope, clothing protectors are used to connect a fall-building
workers to place the link or connection string. Long strap
may not exceed 2 meters and have a button hook
to lock automatically

e) Refracting Life Lines (Ropes Fasteners association), the components
is used to prevent the strap is not too
lax. The rope will be elongated and shortened in
automatically when the workers rise as well on the way down.

Tuesday, March 8, 2011

> Importance of Telecommunications Systems

The development of today's telecommunications market in the 1990's can be expected to reach 500 billion U.S. dollars. This growth will continue to rise until it reaches one trillion U.S. dollars in the 2000s. This trend is the increasing needs of users and industrialization. Developing countries like Indonesia, a high potential for growth of the telecommunications equipment market.

Already we can guess that there is a very close relationship between gross national income (GDP) a country with a population density using the phone. Consider Figure 1 below. The figure depicts the relationship between the countries that have a certain GDP with the number per 100 persons in the group of people who already have a phone connection.

We will agree to say that the telephone as a means of communication or telecommunication is a binder (catalyst) in the framework of efforts for economic growth. However, we should not conclude that the higher a country's economic growth will result in a high density of telephone users. The number of telephone lines per 100 population has been widely used in statistical surveys to show signs of developing a country. Many developing countries 70-90% most of the people living in remote rural areas.

This picture also indicates a group of 100 people who have not a single community phone line. Such countries classified as very low state of development, both economically and telecommunications. To achieve this goal telephone service to everyone in the world, including in Indonesia, by the year 2000 has been proposed that everyone in a society which is 5km away, a phone connection should already reach.

Decent we know that to provide telecommunications connections at a low population density areas is very expensive. In addition, rates of return on capital that has been issued to be very little. The provision of telecommunications networks in rural areas memerlukaan providing substantial funds, because there needs to be good planning.

> Define Communication

Communication is the process of exchanging information between individuals through a shared symbol system. Telecommunications means the process of communication is done through a distance (tele = distance). In relation to electronic communications, telecommunications contains an understanding of science, technology and the ways or procedures for transfer or dissemination of information in the form of electrical signals through a transmission medium in the distance. The information can be exchanged many variations, for example, is data, voice, graphics, video and or audio signals. Media transmisipun also many kinds, which are often used include coaxial cable, fiber optics, radio frequency, infrared, and so forth.

Currently the telecommunications process almost always involves transmitting electromagnetic waves through a plane transmitter. Such things we never encountered in the past, where people use traditional communicating smoke signal, or flag semafor gong. Modern era, as now, telecommunications is very wide with the use of various tools to assist the communication process.

Examples that have been very akarab with us is television, radio, telephone. In addition it can also be found linking the use of network communication devices, such as computer networks, public telephone networks, radio networks, and network television. Communication with the computer more and more also the user via the internet, for example with the Internet to send letters (email = electronic mail) and fast-paced pesanpesan. The system is partly an example of telecommunications.

> History of Telecommunications

The emergence of the telephone and terkaitan industry has resulted in technological changes that changed the history of human life. The incident took place gradually over 125 years. Stage of development that happened was the efforts of remarkable in the discovery and development. The following will be delivered the stages of these developments.

From one-sided channel into direct connection.
The phone has brought a huge impact on 20th century
since the industrial revolution that occurred in the 19th century.
The discovery of the phone has changed the way of life
men, work and play. Change it
supported the discovery of television, computers, pagers,
facsimile machines, electronic mail (e-mail), Internet,
trade through cyberspace and so forth. In
the future ten years from now,
we expect the wireless Internet connection
that can be done everywhere, including in
in the car, briefcase, phone numbers
used in everyday life which enabled
(Dialing) via voice as we press
Tobol-key at home or in the office or place
other work.

Look at the picture below. It seems a complete telephone, consisting of several parts that have been fused. There nomornomor, the telephone, and cable box. The plane is a model of the earliest telephone. Nevertheless there are also other models that many variations. Compare also with a television. In its time it has been such a good tool, but its still very simple.

Television sets below are the type of the earliest television sets in use.

To connect between users
phone in earlier times
use a thread-thread cables
given ballast. Connection
Just plug the desired stay.

Figure 1.6. Board continued
phone

> Scope of Works and Buildings Project

The building is a physical manifestation of a construction work, and therefore
The next building project is also called the construction project.

In general, construction projects are divided into 3 types, namely:

Housing construction projects / residential (Residential Construction)
is a residential housing development project
based on stages of development simultaneously with
provision of supporting infrastructure. This project type is needed
careful planning for the existing infrastructure in
neighborhoods such as roads, clean water, electricity
and other facilities.

Building construction (building construction), is
type of construction projects that are mostly done. This type of construction
emphasis on practical considerations of construction and technology, and
consideration in local building regulations. (Figure 1.2)

Civil Engineering Construction Projects (heavy engineering construction),
is a process of adding
infrastructure in an environment
wake up (built environment). Owner
project (owner) is usually government
either at national or regional level.

In this project design elements, financial
and legal considerations remain
important consideration, although the project
This is a non-profit, and prioritizing
community service (public
services). Several construction projects
which includes the type of project
including power projects,
highway (Figure 1.3), railways,
dams, mining, and others.

Building Construction Industry (industrial construction), is
a relatively small part of the construction industry, but a
an important component. Project owner (owner) is usually a
a large company or industry, such as oil companies,
pharmaceutical, chemical and other industries. The process undertaken in this industry
require special expertise in the field of planning, design and construction.

In Indonesia, the type of construction work mentioned in the laws
construction services (Act no 18 of 1999), includes:

Architectural work which includes among other forms of processing
and mass of buildings based on the functions and requirements
required every construction job.
Civil works include construction of the port,
airports, railways, coastal security, irrigation canals or
canals, dams, tunnels, structural buildings, roads, bridges,
swamp reclamation, pipeline installation job, the job
drilling, and land clearing.

Work is mechanical and electrical installation work of industrial engineering products.

- Mechanical Work includes installation of turbines,
establishment and installation of plant, equipment installation
buildings, water piping installation work,. oil and gas.
- Works include the construction of electrical networks
transmission and electricity distribution, electrical installation,
telecommunications along with the accessories.

The work of environmental governance include: job processing
and final settlement building and the environment.

> Scope of Building Work

The building is a physical manifestation
result of construction work
fused with the locus
both in the top, below ground
and / or in water. Buildings are usually
connoted with houses, buildings
or all facilities, infrastructure
or infrastructure in culture
or human life in
build a civilization like
well as bridge and its construction
as well as design, streets, facilities
telecommunications, and others.

Building techniques is a
related engineering disciplines
with the planning, design, construction,
operation, renovation and
maintenance of buildings, including
also related to the impact
to the surrounding environment.

Construction is a
activities to build facilities and
infrastructure. In the field of architecture
or civil engineering, a construction
also known as a building or
infrastructure unit at one or
in some areas. A job
construction is a combination or series of a lot of work.

Construction work is generally governed by a construction manager
(Construction manager), and conducted and supervised by managers
projects, power engineering design (design engineer) or architect field
(Project architect).

Construction project is a series of activities related to
development effort of building something like the example in Figure 1.1,
generally includes a main job in the field of civil engineering and
architecture, although not infrequently also involve other disciplines such as engineering
industry, machinery, electrical, geotechnical, and landscaping.

> Science in Building Engineering

Disciplines relevant to the building and construction techniques
among others:

- Civil engineering for building structures and foundations
- Architecture, to design buildings include building form, function,
building regulations and specifications
- Mechanical, for penghawaan, and air conditioning systems
building mechanical services
- Electrical, for power distribution and control systems and electrical
building
- Physics buildings for lighting and acoustics of buildings
- Economic feasibility study and engineering for project analysis
economy
- Management for the management or project management

Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is one branch of engineering science that studies
about how to design, build, renovate not only
buildings and infrastructure, but also covers the environment for
benefit of human life. Branches of civil engineering with
applications such as in Figure 1.4, among others:

STRUCTURE, the branch that studies the structural problems of material
used for development. Some choice of materials
buildings including: steel, concrete, wood, glass or other materials. In
field is studied more in depth issues related to
structural design of buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels from
construction of the foundation until the building is ready for use.

Geotechnical engineering, the branch that studies the structure and properties of various kinds
soil to support a building that will stand on it.
Coverage can be a field investigation which is
investigation into the circumstances of a local soil and reinforced with
laboratory investigation.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, branches that study the problem in
construction projects relating to economy, job scheduling,
payback, the cost of the project, as well as all matters related to
licensing laws and building up to the organization of work in
field so that the buildings are completed on time.

HYDROLOGY and Environment, a branch which studies water and
natural environment, and control problems. Covering this area
among others, the branch of hydrology water (with respect to weather, rainfall,
discharge water of a river, etc.), hydraulics (material properties of water, water pressure, force
push water, etc.) and water structure such as ports, dams, irrigation,
reservoir / dam, canal until remedial techniques.

TRANSPORTATION, branch of learning about the transportation system
in the planning and implementation. This area includes, among others
construction and regulation of highways, construction of airports, terminals,
station and its management.

CIVIL ENGINEERING INFORMATICS, a new branch that studies the application of
computer technology for the calculation and modeling of a system in
development projects or research buildings. Covering this area
which include structural modeling (structural and material
or CAD), modeling the movement of ground water or sewage, modeling
environment with GIS technology (Geographic Information System).

Architecture
Architecture is the knowledge and art to design buildings
and structure, in a broader sense includes design
overall built environment, ranging from macro level to plan
city, region or environment, landscaping or landscape, to
micro level for the design and construction details of building design
furniture or furniture.

Architecture as the initial process planning and design space
and the physical building must consider all aspects of life
in the process. The purpose of architecture that must be fulfilled so well is
fulfillment will use (function), power (structure), and beauty (aesthetics).

Areas of architectural design includes:

Space Environment In Buildings (Building Indoor Environment)
include environmental aspects in the design, analysis and efficiency
energy, health and comfort of the building. Specialty fields
including thermal comfort, air quality, artificial lighting,
acoustics, HVAC and control systems.

Building Envelope is an application that describes all
areas of building engineering, especially building science and environment
in space. This field focuses on the analysis and design
bangunana sheath, including building resilience, heat transfer
and humidity as well as interaction with the environment in space.

Building Science focuses on the analysis and control of phenomena
physics that affect the appearance of building materials and systems
closing the building.

Building Structure into account the principles of structural mechanics,
material behavior and the analysis and design of steel, reinforced concrete,
wooden structures.

Construction Management (Construction Management) includes techniques
construction, construction process, planning, scheduling, control
project, workers and building arrangements.

Computer Aided Engineering

Energy Efficiency (Energy Efficiency), covering analysis, design, and control
energy efficiency or low-energy, HVAC systems, as well as building Intelegent

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP)
Mechanical, electrical and plumbing or MEP is a job
installation systems and equipment within buildings as part of the function
building or utility service building (utility building). In Indonesia
MEP knowledge in fields including science and engineering
electrical engineering.

MEP expertise included in the field of mechanical engineering science:

- Installation and electric generator engines and water pumps,

Air conditioning machines, elevators and escalators, etc.

- Welding Engineering
- Machinery and heavy equipment construction

MEP expertise included in the field of science in electrical engineering:

- Installation and electrical power equipment
- Installation of lighting and electrical equipment
- Installing lightning rods
- Installation and telephone equipment, computer networks and multimedia,
detection systems and building controls

> Understanding Measurement

Physics as a master mechanic-hydraulic-fluid mechanics, heavy equipment
measurements require very careful to symptoms
studied can be explained (and predictable) accurately. Actually
measurement is not only absolutely necessary for physics, but also for fields
other sciences, including the application of such knowledge. In other words, no
theory, principles, and laws in natural science that can be
accepted unless accompanied by the results of accurate measurements.

What is a measurement? To find out things
, consider the following descriptions: for example you with your friends
measured the length of the table with hand span. Results
measurements were performed using inch units. For example, if
use your hand span, then the result is the same length of table
with 25 inch arms.

However, if using inch units
your friend's hand so that the same long table with 23 inch arms.
The difference these results suggest that the measurement result depends
the units used. Thus the measurement is defined
as a process of comparing a quantity to other quantities
(A) used as a unit. The unit is comparable in
measurements.

In the above activities, which measure the length of the table that otherwise
with numbers, then the length of the scale. So everything
can be measured and expressed as the number or value is called scale.
For example, table length is 100 centimeters, the length is
scale with 100 as the value and centimeters as units, or
mass table was 20 kilograms, then the mass is the scale with 20
as the value and the kilogram as a unit. Magnitude is `something
can be measured and expressed as the number or value and has units.
The unit is comparable in the measurement.

The measurement is to compare something with something
Another is regarded as a benchmark. So in the measurement there are two
The main factor is the comparison and benchmark (standard). In our junior class 1
have studied the subject of measurement. Here we will only
repeat part of it, to refresh our understanding of
what's contained in the measurement.

> Quantities and units

The properties of an object or event that we measured, for example
body length, body mass, the length of time running around a
field called the scale, what scale we can measure from a
book?

In a book, we can measure the mass, length, width, and
thick book. How do we express the results of measuring the length of the book?
For example, a book length equal to 25 inches; centimeters called
unit of length scale. The mass of books equal to 1 kilogram, kilograms
called the unit of mass scale. So always follow the scale unit,
never before him.

In our society there is sometimes
units that are not standard or non-standard, such as unit length
selected fathoms or span. The unit is not standard because it does not have
same size for different people. One inch of adult
another with one inch of the children. That is why the span and not depa
used as a standard unit of measurement physics.

Are the conditions that must be possessed of a unit that can be a unit
standard? Some of the main requirements are as follows:

1. Unit value should be fixed, either in hot or cold weather, for people
adults and for children, and to changes
other environments. For example, the span can not be used as a unit
default because different for each person, while
meter applies equally well to adults mapun children. By
therefore, the meter can be used as standard units.

2. Easily recoverable (easy to imitate), so that others who want to
use these units in measurement can
obtain it without much difficulty. Unit mass is kilogram,
easily be recovered by a comparison. Thus,
pounds can be used as standard units. Can we imagine,
how busy if a unit are difficult to make a replica so that the world
there is only one standard unit. Other people who want
measure the amount in question must use only
The standard units to obtain accurate results.

3. The unit must be internationally accepted. It deals with
interests of science and technology. By deterimanya a
unit as international units, the scientists from one country
can easily understand the measurement results from scientists in other countries.

Unit system most widely used around the world, which is valid
in interasional is the SI unit system, short for language
French Systeme International d'Unites. This system was proposed in the General
Conference on weights and Measures of the International Academy of
Science in 1960. In this unit system, there are seven scale
the so-called principal amount.

> The amount of principal and derivative

The amount of principal
The amount of principal is the amount that the unit has been defined prior
first. Seven basic quantities in the SI unit system are:
Length (meters)
Mass (kg)
Time (second)
Strong electric current (ampere)
Temperature (kelvin)
Light intensity (candela)
Amount of substance (mole)

Units such as meters, kilograms, and the second is already
defined first. What is the definition of units of
principal amount of these? In the following explanation will be presented definitions
of three basic quantities of length, mass, and time, while unit
Other quantities will be discussed when we discuss the subject
concerned with the amount of vine.

Long
The standard unit for length is the meter in the SI. System of units
based on the meter as a standard measurement system called
metric. At first, the meter is defined as one ten-millionth the distance
between equator and north pole of the earth is measured through the meridian
through the city of Paris. As a standard meter, was made a metal rod
platinum-iridium, which contained both ends of each stroke,
where the distance between two scratches are equal to 1 meter.

In 1960, a standard meter redefined as 1,650,763.73
times the wavelength in vacuum of the color spectrum
orange-red krypton-86 atoms. This is done to re-defining
increase the ease of a standard meter to be made replica, in addition to
to increase accuracy. However, even this definition does not re-
last long, only about 23 years. In 1983, one meter
defined as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during
1/299.792.458 second. With this last definition, complete meters as
standard units meet the requirements specified standard units in front.

Mass
The mass of an object is a number of substances contained in
an object. Mass units in the SI unit system is
kilogram. As a standard for the kilogram, the kilogram standard was made,
which is a metal cylinder made of platinum-iridium, which is now
This is stored in Sevres, near Paris. Initially one kilogram same
with a mass of 1000 cm ³ of pure water at a temperature where the density
maximum, which is 4 º C. But mistakes happen, because it turns out one
kilogram exactly is 1000.028 cm ³ of water.

In everyday conversation, we often confuse the sense mix
mass with weight, but they are different. Weight is the amount of
force experienced by objects due to gravity on the object. For
daily use, is not a confusion of terms
problem, but in physics or an exact science, the definition of mass
and weight should really be distinguished. Has units of mass and weight
different, mass has units of kilograms, while the weight has
Newton unit. The main difference between mass and weight
is that the masses do not depend on the place where the object is located,
while the weight depending on where the object is located. So the weight change
according to the place.

Left
Standard units for time are seconds, which was originally defined
1/86.400 day as the sun. But when scientists found that
solar day is reduced about 0.001 seconds every century, then the second
1/86.400 redefined as solar day in 1900. In
1967, the second was redefined as the time interval from 9192631770
oscillation of the radiation generated by transitions in cesium-133 atom. Tool
measuring time using a cesium atom is cesium atomic clock, which
have a very high accuracy, ie during the 3000 year only
have a second mistake.

The amount of derivatives.
Most of the values which we use in physics and sciences
terapannya (including fluid mechanics and hydraulics, and heavy equipment)
units have a combination of units
principal amount. Such quantities, which determined its unit
based on the principal amount of units, called the scale derivative.
Examples
of the magnitude of this derivative is the area of a square area. Same broad
length times width, where length and width are both
unit length. So vast is the quantity derived from
length scale multiplication with a scale length. Example: Other:
speed (distance divided by time), pressure (force divided by area), the volume of beam
(Length x width x height), discharge (volume divided by time). We know that
speed is the distance (scale length) divided by time. So speed
is a derivative quantity obtained by dividing the amount of
long with the amount of time.

How unit quantities derived from them? It is clear
that the units for the amount of derivatives in accordance with how the
derived quantities were obtained from a combination of basic quantities.

Because the same large scale multiplication of two long, then the unit area
together with the multiplication of two units of length, namely meter x meter = meter
square = m². The unit for speed is the unit of length divided by unit
time, ie meters per second = m / s. It is clear here that that the units
derivative quantities that follow describe the scale derivative. Unit
speed is m / s, mean speed equal to the length (distance) divided
time. The unit for volume is m beam, means the volume is the length
times the length times the length. Density has the units kg / m³, mean mass
type is the mass divided by volume.

> Introduction

Motor vehicles are one of the tools
transportation used by humans to move from
one place to another. Early 19th century's,
vehicle only functioned as a mere means of transportation, it's no wonder
if the manufacturing process has not been touched and aesthetic aspects
comfort. The important thing is the wheels can rotate, so that users can
achieve the goal with a shorter time.

Era of progress and development of automotive technology,
making life increasingly dynamic automotive world. This can be seen from
now motor vehicles not only as a means of transportation, but
developed into a means of creative and achievement, even
vehicles finally become a symbol of a person.
If viewed in terms of shape, the vehicle formerly only shaped
box with a purpose can be used for transporting goods or passengers.

But now, growing very varied forms of vehicles, namely
vehicle with an aerodynamic body, has many accessories and
completeness, and sometimes deliberately designed vehicles that have characteristics
typical of the manufacturer.

The materials used to make cars that time still
the form of wood, then turned into steel that has
good strength, but has a severe weight disadvantage.
Then shifted using eyser plate material, developing
using aluminum body, and present trends in body
fiberglass which has a very light weight.

Masteropk

Thursday, March 24, 2011

> Using the Image Engine

> Adhesive tape

> Using Various Ruler

Thursday, March 17, 2011

> Adhesive tape

> Using Various Ruler

> Drawing straight lines Straight

> Drawing Parallel Lines & Curves

> Dividing Lines

> Introduction Forex

> Differences Forex And Stock Trading

> Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for Buildings

> Implementing K3 Activities in the Field

> Preparation of Safety Plan

> Training Courses K3

> Supplies and Equipment K3

Tuesday, March 8, 2011

> Importance of Telecommunications Systems

> Define Communication

> History of Telecommunications

> Scope of Works and Buildings Project

> Scope of Building Work

> Science in Building Engineering

> Understanding Measurement

> Quantities and units

> The amount of principal and derivative

> Introduction

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