Showing posts with label Category 2. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Category 2. Show all posts

Thursday, March 17, 2011

> Introduction Forex

KNOW FOREX CLOSER

Forex trading is the trading of currencies from different countries with each other. Forex is an abbreviation of Foreign Exchange. For example, currency in circulation in Europe called Euro (EUR) and in the United States, the currency in circulation is called the U.S. Dollar (USD). An example of forex trading is to buy euros, while simultaneously selling the U.S. Dollar. This is called will be abbreviated as EUR / USD.

Meanwhile, whose name The Forex market is non-stop cash market where currencies are traded countries, usually through a broker. Foreign currencies are constantly and simultaneously bought and sold in local and global market then experienced 'increase or decrease in value based upon currency movements. Foreign exchange market conditions can change at any time in response to real-time event.

The Forex market is often called the foreign exchange market, this is a huge market with growing financial and liquid (can deposit and liquidated at any time), which operates 24 hours a day. This is not a market in the traditional sense because there is no central trading location. Most trading is done through the electronic trading network. Foreign exchange market allows companies, banks and other financial institutions to buy and sell foreign currency, in large quantities.

The main market for the currency markets are "inter bank" where banks, large corporations and large financial institutions manage the risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

MAJOR CURRENCIES

The following are the major currencies traded in the market:
U.S. Dollar (USD)
Japanese Yen (JPY)
Euro (EUR)
Canadian Dollar (CAD)
Australian Dollar (AUD)
Swiss Franc (CHF)
British Pound (GBP)

MARKET ACTORS
In general, forex Market Performer from various groups including:

    
Customer
    
Banks and Financial Institutions
    
Brokers
    
Government
    
Business Performer
    
Speculator


Customers, such as multinational corporations, to participate in the forex market because they need foreign currency for their trade in other countries. Like for example, a particular company based in the UK need to use the foreign exchange market to buy the currency they need to pay for their partner companies in other countries that sell heavy equipment.

Banks and financial institutions, is the most active participants in the forex market. They deal with other financial institutions to ask their foreign exchange and currency they can buy what they need in the forex market. In addition to central banks and governments, one of the biggest players in forex transactions are banks. Interbank market is a market where big bank2 transact among themselves and determine the currency price be seen by traders as a distinguished individual as we are on a computer screen.

Banks, in general, act as dealers who buy / sell currency at the bid / ask her. One way the banks make money is to sell the currency with a higher price than he bought to their customers. Because the forex market is not centralized alias decentralized, then the natural thing to see one bank with another bank had a little difference in the exchange rate

Brokers is a company with links computer software or phone lines to banks around the world. It is the job of forex broker to find out what bank has the highest level to buy the currency and what the bank has the lowest level to sell the currency.

Using a broker allows the bank to find the best deal available in the world. Forex brokerage firms, but is not associated with his own money but only a commission fee for their services.

Government, is the most influential actors forex, as well as the central bank. In many countries, the central bank is an arm of government and its policies run together with the government. However, some governments feel more independent. A central bank more effective in carrying out its duties to boost the economy. Regardless of how indipendennya a central bank, government representatives are regularly consulted by central bank representatives to discuss monetary policy. So, governments and central banks usually have a package in terms of monetary policy. Central banks often intervene in the market for a particular country's economic objectives.

Business Performer, is one of the biggest clients of these banks, those engaged in international transactions. Both businesses are selling goods to international clients or buy goods from international suppliers, they have to deal with the volatility of currency fluctuations. Uncertainty becomes thing hated by management and business owners. Faced with foreign exchange risk is a big problem for multinational companies. For example: a company in Germany ordered equipment from factories in Japan to be paid in yen a year from now. Because exchange rates can fluctuate wildly dg throughout the year, the German company will not know whether the Euro will be spend more or not at the time of delivery later. One way for businesses to reduce uncertainty due to foreign exchange risk is to go to the spot market and transact directly to foreign currency they need. But, unfortunately, a businessman may not have enough money on hand to make spot transactions or do not want to hold the amount of foreign currency which is very much for a long time. Hence business people often apply the hedging strategy to lock a specific currency at a certain price for a position in the future.

Speculators, they were instead to hedging so as not subject to price movements for reasons of international transactions, speculators are trying to earn money by taking advantage of price fluctuations. One of the most famous speculator George Soros possible. Billionaire who is known to decrease speculation in the British Pound generating 1.2 billion dollars less than a month! Some critics say that such people are responsible for the Asian financial crisis of the late '90s.
READ MORE - > Introduction Forex

Tuesday, March 8, 2011

> Importance of Telecommunications Systems

The development of today's telecommunications market in the 1990's can be expected to reach 500 billion U.S. dollars. This growth will continue to rise until it reaches one trillion U.S. dollars in the 2000s. This trend is the increasing needs of users and industrialization. Developing countries like Indonesia, a high potential for growth of the telecommunications equipment market.

Already we can guess that there is a very close relationship between gross national income (GDP) a country with a population density using the phone. Consider Figure 1 below. The figure depicts the relationship between the countries that have a certain GDP with the number per 100 persons in the group of people who already have a phone connection.

We will agree to say that the telephone as a means of communication or telecommunication is a binder (catalyst) in the framework of efforts for economic growth. However, we should not conclude that the higher a country's economic growth will result in a high density of telephone users. The number of telephone lines per 100 population has been widely used in statistical surveys to show signs of developing a country. Many developing countries 70-90% most of the people living in remote rural areas.

This picture also indicates a group of 100 people who have not a single community phone line. Such countries classified as very low state of development, both economically and telecommunications. To achieve this goal telephone service to everyone in the world, including in Indonesia, by the year 2000 has been proposed that everyone in a society which is 5km away, a phone connection should already reach.

Decent we know that to provide telecommunications connections at a low population density areas is very expensive. In addition, rates of return on capital that has been issued to be very little. The provision of telecommunications networks in rural areas memerlukaan providing substantial funds, because there needs to be good planning.
READ MORE - > Importance of Telecommunications Systems

> Define Communication

Communication is the process of exchanging information between individuals through a shared symbol system. Telecommunications means the process of communication is done through a distance (tele = distance). In relation to electronic communications, telecommunications contains an understanding of science, technology and the ways or procedures for transfer or dissemination of information in the form of electrical signals through a transmission medium in the distance. The information can be exchanged many variations, for example, is data, voice, graphics, video and or audio signals. Media transmisipun also many kinds, which are often used include coaxial cable, fiber optics, radio frequency, infrared, and so forth.

Currently the telecommunications process almost always involves transmitting electromagnetic waves through a plane transmitter. Such things we never encountered in the past, where people use traditional communicating smoke signal, or flag semafor gong. Modern era, as now, telecommunications is very wide with the use of various tools to assist the communication process.

Examples that have been very akarab with us is television, radio, telephone. In addition it can also be found linking the use of network communication devices, such as computer networks, public telephone networks, radio networks, and network television. Communication with the computer more and more also the user via the internet, for example with the Internet to send letters (email = electronic mail) and fast-paced pesanpesan. The system is partly an example of telecommunications.
READ MORE - > Define Communication

> History of Telecommunications

The emergence of the telephone and terkaitan industry has resulted in technological changes that changed the history of human life. The incident took place gradually over 125 years. Stage of development that happened was the efforts of remarkable in the discovery and development. The following will be delivered the stages of these developments.

From one-sided channel into direct connection.
The phone has brought a huge impact on 20th century
since the industrial revolution that occurred in the 19th century.
The discovery of the phone has changed the way of life
men, work and play. Change it
supported the discovery of television, computers, pagers,
facsimile machines, electronic mail (e-mail), Internet,
trade through cyberspace and so forth. In
the future ten years from now,
we expect the wireless Internet connection
that can be done everywhere, including in
in the car, briefcase, phone numbers
used in everyday life which enabled
(Dialing) via voice as we press
Tobol-key at home or in the office or place
other work.

Look at the picture below. It seems a complete telephone, consisting of several parts that have been fused. There nomornomor, the telephone, and cable box. The plane is a model of the earliest telephone. Nevertheless there are also other models that many variations. Compare also with a television. In its time it has been such a good tool, but its still very simple.

Television sets below are the type of the earliest television sets in use.

To connect between users
phone in earlier times
use a thread-thread cables
given ballast. Connection
Just plug the desired stay.
Figure 1.6. Board continued
phone

READ MORE - > History of Telecommunications

> Scope of Works and Buildings Project

The building is a physical manifestation of a construction work, and therefore
The next building project is also called the construction project.

In general, construction projects are divided into 3 types, namely:
  • Housing construction projects / residential (Residential Construction)
    is a residential housing development project
    based on stages of development simultaneously with
    provision of supporting infrastructure. This project type is needed
    careful planning for the existing infrastructure in
    neighborhoods such as roads, clean water, electricity
    and other facilities.
  • Building construction (building construction), is
    type of construction projects that are mostly done. This type of construction
    emphasis on practical considerations of construction and technology, and
    consideration in local building regulations. (Figure 1.2)
  • Civil Engineering Construction Projects (heavy engineering construction),
    is a process of adding
    infrastructure in an environment
    wake up (built environment). Owner
    project (owner) is usually government
    either at national or regional level.
In this project design elements, financial
and legal considerations remain
important consideration, although the project
This is a non-profit, and prioritizing
community service (public
services). Several construction projects
which includes the type of project
including power projects,
highway (Figure 1.3), railways,
dams, mining, and others.
  • Building Construction Industry (industrial construction), is
    a relatively small part of the construction industry, but a
    an important component. Project owner (owner) is usually a
    a large company or industry, such as oil companies,
    pharmaceutical, chemical and other industries. The process undertaken in this industry
    require special expertise in the field of planning, design and construction.

In Indonesia, the type of construction work mentioned in the laws
construction services (Act no 18 of 1999), includes:

  • Architectural work which includes among other forms of processing
    and mass of buildings based on the functions and requirements
    required every construction job.
  • Civil works include construction of the port,
    airports, railways, coastal security, irrigation canals or
    canals, dams, tunnels, structural buildings, roads, bridges,
    swamp reclamation, pipeline installation job, the job
    drilling, and land clearing.  
  • Work is mechanical and electrical installation work of industrial engineering products.
- Mechanical Work includes installation of turbines,
establishment and installation of plant, equipment installation
buildings, water piping installation work,. oil and gas.
- Works include the construction of electrical networks
transmission and electricity distribution, electrical installation,
telecommunications along with the accessories.
  • The work of environmental governance include: job processing
    and final settlement building and the environment.
READ MORE - > Scope of Works and Buildings Project

> Scope of Building Work

The building is a physical manifestation
result of construction work
fused with the locus
both in the top, below ground
and / or in water. Buildings are usually
connoted with houses, buildings
or all facilities, infrastructure
or infrastructure in culture
or human life in
build a civilization like
well as bridge and its construction
as well as design, streets, facilities
telecommunications, and others.

Building techniques is a
related engineering disciplines
with the planning, design, construction,
operation, renovation and
maintenance of buildings, including
also related to the impact
to the surrounding environment.

Construction is a
activities to build facilities and
infrastructure. In the field of architecture
or civil engineering, a construction
also known as a building or
infrastructure unit at one or
in some areas. A job
construction is a combination or series of a lot of work.

Construction work is generally governed by a construction manager
(Construction manager), and conducted and supervised by managers
projects, power engineering design (design engineer) or architect field
(Project architect).

Construction project is a series of activities related to
development effort of building something like the example in Figure 1.1,
generally includes a main job in the field of civil engineering and
architecture, although not infrequently also involve other disciplines such as engineering
industry, machinery, electrical, geotechnical, and landscaping.
READ MORE - > Scope of Building Work

> Body Construction Vehicles

Car parts are divided into 2 major groups, namely the body and
chassis. Part of the vehicle body is formed in such a
way, (in general) made of metal plate (steel plate) which
thickness between 0.6 mm - 0.9 mm as a passenger or goods.

Chassis is part of the vehicle that serves as
sustaining the body and consists of the frame (frame), engine (engine), power train
(Energy transfer), wheels (the wheels), steering system (steering system),
suspension system (suspension system), brake system (brake system) and
Other completeness.

Based on the attachment of the body on frame construction, the
there are 2 types of vehicle body construction, ie composite construction
(Alone) and construction monocoq (attached).

Framework is attached to his place all the components
vehicle including the body. Framework must be strong, lightweight, sturdy and resistant
to vibration, or shock received from the condition of the road. Facebook
strong then there is a box truss construction, the shape of U or pipe, which
generally consists of two rods that elongate and connected
with a transverse section. In the early development of body technology
and the vehicle frame, body and frame are made separately
(Composite body) but lately the body and frame are made together
(Monocoque body, also called the integral body), especially in
sedan vehicle.

Separate Construction (Composite)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and chassis
separately. Linkage / connection between body and frame using
bolts and nuts. To improve comfort during use, then
between body and frame mounted rubber as a means of dampening vibration.

Construction framework of a separate body and this makes it easy
in replacement of vehicle body parts were damaged,
body especially the lower-or-break order. This construction
usually used on the old type of sedan vehicles, vehicle
passenger and freight cars. (Eg trucks, buses, pick-ups and
etc.).


Converge construction (monocoque)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and frame
composed into a single unit. This construction uses the principle of skin
eggs, which is a unified whole so that all load
divided evenly on all parts of the skin. Linkage between body and
order to use the weld.

Because the body and frame together, then the shape can become more
low compared with the composite type so that the point of gravity weight
lower will cause the vehicle more stable. This construction
used on the sedan, even a few vehicles MPV (Multi Purpose
Vehicle) began implementing monocoq body construction.


Frame Types
Based on the shape, order vehicles can be divided into several
types, namely: (a) order form H, (b) frame the perimeter, (c) frame
form X, (d) framework forms the backbone (backbone), and skeletal
form the floor (platform frame).

Order form H.
Its construction is very simple, easy to make, widely used for
vehicle bus, truck.


Perimeter Frame.
Framework of the perimeter is a revised form of H, the body attached
on the edge of the frame so that the position of the floor can be lowered. Reduction
floor of the vehicle will lower the center of the vehicle weight and height
reduced vehicle so that steering a steady, passenger space
become more freely, widely used for the sedan.


Order form X.
Beam frame construction consists of two rod-shaped main frame
longitudinal beams together in the middle. Place of engagement with
body and the doors can be made low enough for easy in and out
vehicles, robust against rotation, used to the old type sedan.


Order forms Spine (Back Bone).
Construction framework of a single model framework, the middle
bear the burden (back) and arms that stand out as the holder
body. This kind of frame construction also allows the center weight
vehicle is made lower. Construction framework of this model often
used for passenger cars and trucks.


Floor Model Frame (Frame Platform).
Body and frame welded into one, so it is a form
integrated, allowing the interior space is made large. Another advantage
the use of frame construction this model is resilient
good enough against bending and torsion.
READ MORE - > Body Construction Vehicles