> Introduction

Motor vehicles are one of the tools
transportation used by humans to move from
one place to another. Early 19th century's,
vehicle only functioned as a mere means of transportation, it's no wonder
if the manufacturing process has not been touched and aesthetic aspects
comfort. The important thing is the wheels can rotate, so that users can
achieve the goal with a shorter time.

Era of progress and development of automotive technology,
making life increasingly dynamic automotive world. This can be seen from
now motor vehicles not only as a means of transportation, but
developed into a means of creative and achievement, even
vehicles finally become a symbol of a person.
If viewed in terms of shape, the vehicle formerly only shaped
box with a purpose can be used for transporting goods or passengers.

But now, growing very varied forms of vehicles, namely
vehicle with an aerodynamic body, has many accessories and
completeness, and sometimes deliberately designed vehicles that have characteristics
typical of the manufacturer.

The materials used to make cars that time still
the form of wood, then turned into steel that has
good strength, but has a severe weight disadvantage.
Then shifted using eyser plate material, developing
using aluminum body, and present trends in body
fiberglass which has a very light weight.

READ MORE - > Introduction

> History of Vehicle Body

Around the year 1896 - 1910, the vehicle body is made of
timber to the chassis or body. It is still affected
horse-drawn carriage with the body at that time. Wood used to have
thickness of about 10 mm. Connections between components using
nails made of wrought iron. To the roof of the vehicle, there
which uses ordinary cloth, canvas cloth, but some are
using a timber with the aim that the body can be strong.

In 1921, Weymann introduce floor construction
which became the backbone of the other body components, such as wall
vehicles and vehicle seats. The floor is made of a material intentionally
strong, while other components can be made from components
light. Connection with a floor wall using a steel plate
bolted, and to eliminate the gap between the connection usually
used timber. The panels are made of cloth, canvas and exterior
using a skin. However, these materials have a short life.

After the vehicle demand increases, then
required a rapid process of making body and can be produced
mass. The development of metal technology was involved speeding
technology development vehicle body, where the iron can be processed and
formed by using a press machine.

New in 1927 (see figure 1.3) as a whole body
vehicle is made of metal, whereby the vehicle body consisting of
various components has been made of sheet plate formed /
pressed. With the development of metal processing methods are increasingly
increases, the production can also increase vehicle production.

Request a vehicle that continues to increase, causing
there is competition between firms in producing vehicles. Ahliahli
engineering body of each company trying to create the vehicle body
accordance with the needs, ergonomics and comfort and has for
driver and passenger.

The development of the body on the chassis technology from year to
also in progress. For example, wheeled vehicles
initially have a diameter that is not the same, the rear wheels is greater than
on the front wheel, the fingers are made of wood and metal-coated wheels
steel into the wheels that have used both rubber and metal rim
iron or aluminum. Even now no longer tire technology
tire wear in (tubeless tire) that is more secure and easy to use.

The roof of the vehicle (head lining) which was originally only made of
cloth, then shifts made of vinyl or plastic that is more
interesting shape and easy to clean. Assembly process was
relatively easy by using the adhesive (glue).

Passenger comfort in the drive to always
enhanced, for example, seating which has a spring and can be
set position, such as interior door trim, panels, dashboard
made of plastic vinyl or carpet floor that is easy even
cleaned. Steering system that used to use a stick to change
a steering wheel, shift lever to adjust the acceleration also
driver comfort and many other improvements.

Electrical systems also began to be developed. At first light
vehicles using oil, then developed using
acetylene (carbide) and now use a battery as a source of
electricity. Functions that used to light only as a means of lighting in
night, when this light is also used as a cue and ramburambu
in an effort to improve safety in driving.
The lights also be of interest for vehicle accessories
enhance the look of the vehicle.

The development of vehicle body, also plays an important role
in terms of vehicle capabilities. The first time the steam engine vehicles
Cugnot created, can only walk about 5 km / h, but when
These vehicles can run at speeds above 100 km / h
but still comfortable, safe and not noisy.

Most people probably only think that the speed depends on the engine, will
but this time people began to realize that the speed of the vehicle also
influenced by the stability of the vehicle as well as shape and surface of the body
vehicle. As in racing, aerodynamics of a vehicle
it is essential to achieve the speed and stability of the vehicle,
this is the case with ordinary vehicles, now becomes one body
one very important and always made the development.

READ MORE - > History of Vehicle Body

> Body Construction Vehicles

Car parts are divided into 2 major groups, namely the body and
chassis. Part of the vehicle body is formed in such a
way, (in general) made of metal plate (steel plate) which
thickness between 0.6 mm - 0.9 mm as a passenger or goods.

Chassis is part of the vehicle that serves as
sustaining the body and consists of the frame (frame), engine (engine), power train
(Energy transfer), wheels (the wheels), steering system (steering system),
suspension system (suspension system), brake system (brake system) and
Other completeness.

Based on the attachment of the body on frame construction, the
there are 2 types of vehicle body construction, ie composite construction
(Alone) and construction monocoq (attached).

Framework is attached to his place all the components
vehicle including the body. Framework must be strong, lightweight, sturdy and resistant
to vibration, or shock received from the condition of the road. Facebook
strong then there is a box truss construction, the shape of U or pipe, which
generally consists of two rods that elongate and connected
with a transverse section. In the early development of body technology
and the vehicle frame, body and frame are made separately
(Composite body) but lately the body and frame are made together
(Monocoque body, also called the integral body), especially in
sedan vehicle.

Separate Construction (Composite)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and chassis
separately. Linkage / connection between body and frame using
bolts and nuts. To improve comfort during use, then
between body and frame mounted rubber as a means of dampening vibration.

Construction framework of a separate body and this makes it easy
in replacement of vehicle body parts were damaged,
body especially the lower-or-break order. This construction
usually used on the old type of sedan vehicles, vehicle
passenger and freight cars. (Eg trucks, buses, pick-ups and
etc.).

Converge construction (monocoque)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and frame
composed into a single unit. This construction uses the principle of skin
eggs, which is a unified whole so that all load
divided evenly on all parts of the skin. Linkage between body and
order to use the weld.

Because the body and frame together, then the shape can become more
low compared with the composite type so that the point of gravity weight
lower will cause the vehicle more stable. This construction
used on the sedan, even a few vehicles MPV (Multi Purpose
Vehicle) began implementing monocoq body construction.

Frame Types
Based on the shape, order vehicles can be divided into several
types, namely: (a) order form H, (b) frame the perimeter, (c) frame
form X, (d) framework forms the backbone (backbone), and skeletal
form the floor (platform frame).

Order form H.
Its construction is very simple, easy to make, widely used for
vehicle bus, truck.

Perimeter Frame.
Framework of the perimeter is a revised form of H, the body attached
on the edge of the frame so that the position of the floor can be lowered. Reduction
floor of the vehicle will lower the center of the vehicle weight and height
reduced vehicle so that steering a steady, passenger space
become more freely, widely used for the sedan.

Order form X.
Beam frame construction consists of two rod-shaped main frame
longitudinal beams together in the middle. Place of engagement with
body and the doors can be made low enough for easy in and out
vehicles, robust against rotation, used to the old type sedan.

Order forms Spine (Back Bone).
Construction framework of a single model framework, the middle
bear the burden (back) and arms that stand out as the holder
body. This kind of frame construction also allows the center weight
vehicle is made lower. Construction framework of this model often
used for passenger cars and trucks.

Floor Model Frame (Frame Platform).
Body and frame welded into one, so it is a form
integrated, allowing the interior space is made large. Another advantage
the use of frame construction this model is resilient
good enough against bending and torsion.

READ MORE - > Body Construction Vehicles