> Supplies and Equipment K3

Supplies and equipment
supporting programs K3,
include:

• Promotion programs K3, which consists of:

- Installation of flag K3,
RI flag, flag company.
- Installation of sign-board
K3 which contains among other
slogans that remind
the need to work
safely

• Facility equipment attached to the person or called protective equipment (personal protective equipment), including:  

- Protective eye and face

Safety glasses (figure 1.7a) is the equipment most
widely used as protective eyewear. Although it seems
similar to ordinary glasses, but a stronger safety glasses
and impact resistant and heat resistant than ordinary glass eye.
Goggle provides better protection than
Safety glass for more against the face (figure 1.7b)

Face shield (Figure 1.8a) provides protection
comprehensive in the face of danger splashes of chemicals, the object
flying or liquid iron. Many of these face shield
can be used in conjunction with the use of helmets.

Welding helmet (Figure 1.8b) gives good protection in
face and also eye. This helmet uses a special lens holder
which filters out light and heat energy intesnsitas which
generated from welding activities.

- Hearing protection, and the type most widely used:
Foam earplugs, PVC earplugs, earmuffs (figure 1.9)

- Protective head or helmet (hard hat), which protects the head
because it has the following: a layer of hard, resistant and strong
against the impact of the head; suspension system
in it act as a drag shocks; some
designed to withstand the kind of electric shock, and protect
scalp, face, neck and shoulders from splashes, spills, and droplets.

The types of protective head as shown in Figure 1.10, among others:
Class G to protect the head from falling objects; and
protect from electrical shocks to 2200 volts.
Class E to protect the head from falling objects, and can
protect from electric shock to 20,000 volts.
Class F to protect the head from falling objects, NOT
protect from electric shock, and do not protect from
damaging materials (corrosive)

- Protective feet of shoes and boots, as seen in
1.11ag picture, among others:

a) Steel toe, shoes that are designed to protect the toe of
falling objects
b) metatarsal, shoes specially designed to protect all
foot from the lever until finger
c) Reinforced sole, this shoe is designed with a reinforcing material from
iron that will protect from puncture of the foot
d) Latex / Rubber, shoes that are resistant to chemicals and
provide a stronger grip on slippery surfaces.
e) PVC boots, shoes that protect from moisture and helps
walking in the muddy
f) Vinyl boots, shoes that bear chemical solvents, acids, alkali, salt, water and blood
g) Nitrile boots, shoes that are resistant to animal fats, oils, and chemicals

- Hand protection in the form of gloves to the type-species
as shown in Figure 1.12ag, among others:

a) Metal mesh, gloves that are resistant to end things
sharp and protect hands from cuts
b) Leather gloves, protects hands from rough surfaces.

c) Vinyl and neoprene gloves, protects hands from toxic chemicals
d) Rubber gloves, protects hands when working with electricity
e) padded cloth gloves, protects hands from sharp edges, bumpy and dirty.
f) Heat resistant gloves, protects hands from heat and fire
g) disposable latex gloves, protects hands from bacteria and germs

- Protective danger of falling with the kinds of, among others: (drawing 1.13)

a) Full Body Hardness (Clothes Fall Hazards holder), the system
designed to spread the impact energy or
shock at the time of fall through the shoulders, thighs and buttocks.

Clothing retaining danger of falling is designed with the design
comfortable for the wearer where the fastener shoulders, chest,
and thigh straps can be adjusted by the wearer. Clothing
danger of falling retaining ring is equipped with "D" (high)
located behind and in front of where the connecting rope
fastener, rope or other auxiliary equipment that can
paired

b) Life Line (string connection), connection string bending with tensile strength
minimum of 500 kg of which one end tied to place
linkages and hang vertically, or attached to
place another link to be used horizontally

c) Anchor Point (Links Place), where menyangkutkan hook
which at least should be able to withstand 500 kg per worker
using the relation thereto. Place the link should be selected to prevent the possibility of falling. Place the link, if
possible should be placed higher than the wearer's shoulders

d) Lanyard (Tali Binder), a flexible short rope or webbing
rope, clothing protectors are used to connect a fall-building
workers to place the link or connection string. Long strap
may not exceed 2 meters and have a button hook
to lock automatically

e) Refracting Life Lines (Ropes Fasteners association), the components
is used to prevent the strap is not too
lax. The rope will be elongated and shortened in
automatically when the workers rise as well on the way down.

READ MORE - > Supplies and Equipment K3

> Science in Building Engineering

Disciplines relevant to the building and construction techniques
among others:

- Civil engineering for building structures and foundations
- Architecture, to design buildings include building form, function,
building regulations and specifications
- Mechanical, for penghawaan, and air conditioning systems
building mechanical services
- Electrical, for power distribution and control systems and electrical
building
- Physics buildings for lighting and acoustics of buildings
- Economic feasibility study and engineering for project analysis
economy
- Management for the management or project management

Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is one branch of engineering science that studies
about how to design, build, renovate not only
buildings and infrastructure, but also covers the environment for
benefit of human life. Branches of civil engineering with
applications such as in Figure 1.4, among others:

STRUCTURE, the branch that studies the structural problems of material
used for development. Some choice of materials
buildings including: steel, concrete, wood, glass or other materials. In
field is studied more in depth issues related to
structural design of buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels from
construction of the foundation until the building is ready for use.

Geotechnical engineering, the branch that studies the structure and properties of various kinds
soil to support a building that will stand on it.
Coverage can be a field investigation which is
investigation into the circumstances of a local soil and reinforced with
laboratory investigation.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, branches that study the problem in
construction projects relating to economy, job scheduling,
payback, the cost of the project, as well as all matters related to
licensing laws and building up to the organization of work in
field so that the buildings are completed on time.

HYDROLOGY and Environment, a branch which studies water and
natural environment, and control problems. Covering this area
among others, the branch of hydrology water (with respect to weather, rainfall,
discharge water of a river, etc.), hydraulics (material properties of water, water pressure, force
push water, etc.) and water structure such as ports, dams, irrigation,
reservoir / dam, canal until remedial techniques.

TRANSPORTATION, branch of learning about the transportation system
in the planning and implementation. This area includes, among others
construction and regulation of highways, construction of airports, terminals,
station and its management.

CIVIL ENGINEERING INFORMATICS, a new branch that studies the application of
computer technology for the calculation and modeling of a system in
development projects or research buildings. Covering this area
which include structural modeling (structural and material
or CAD), modeling the movement of ground water or sewage, modeling
environment with GIS technology (Geographic Information System).

Architecture
Architecture is the knowledge and art to design buildings
and structure, in a broader sense includes design
overall built environment, ranging from macro level to plan
city, region or environment, landscaping or landscape, to
micro level for the design and construction details of building design
furniture or furniture.

Architecture as the initial process planning and design space
and the physical building must consider all aspects of life
in the process. The purpose of architecture that must be fulfilled so well is
fulfillment will use (function), power (structure), and beauty (aesthetics).

Areas of architectural design includes:

• Space Environment In Buildings (Building Indoor Environment)
  include environmental aspects in the design, analysis and efficiency
  energy, health and comfort of the building. Specialty fields
  including thermal comfort, air quality, artificial lighting,
  acoustics, HVAC and control systems.

• Building Envelope is an application that describes all
  areas of building engineering, especially building science and environment
  in space. This field focuses on the analysis and design
  bangunana sheath, including building resilience, heat transfer
  and humidity as well as interaction with the environment in space.

• Building Science focuses on the analysis and control of phenomena
  physics that affect the appearance of building materials and systems
  closing the building.

• Building Structure into account the principles of structural mechanics,
  material behavior and the analysis and design of steel, reinforced concrete,
  wooden structures.

• Construction Management (Construction Management) includes techniques
  construction, construction process, planning, scheduling, control
  project, workers and building arrangements.

• Computer Aided Engineering

• Energy Efficiency (Energy Efficiency), covering analysis, design, and control
  energy efficiency or low-energy, HVAC systems, as well as building Intelegent

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP)
Mechanical, electrical and plumbing or MEP is a job
installation systems and equipment within buildings as part of the function
building or utility service building (utility building). In Indonesia
MEP knowledge in fields including science and engineering
electrical engineering.

MEP expertise included in the field of mechanical engineering science:

- Installation and electric generator engines and water pumps,

Air conditioning machines, elevators and escalators, etc.

- Welding Engineering
- Machinery and heavy equipment construction

MEP expertise included in the field of science in electrical engineering:

- Installation and electrical power equipment
- Installation of lighting and electrical equipment
- Installing lightning rods
- Installation and telephone equipment, computer networks and multimedia,
detection systems and building controls

READ MORE - > Science in Building Engineering

> Quantities and units

The properties of an object or event that we measured, for example
body length, body mass, the length of time running around a
field called the scale, what scale we can measure from a
book?

In a book, we can measure the mass, length, width, and
thick book. How do we express the results of measuring the length of the book?
For example, a book length equal to 25 inches; centimeters called
unit of length scale. The mass of books equal to 1 kilogram, kilograms
called the unit of mass scale. So always follow the scale unit,
never before him.

In our society there is sometimes
units that are not standard or non-standard, such as unit length
selected fathoms or span. The unit is not standard because it does not have
same size for different people. One inch of adult
another with one inch of the children. That is why the span and not depa
used as a standard unit of measurement physics.

Are the conditions that must be possessed of a unit that can be a unit
standard? Some of the main requirements are as follows:

1. Unit value should be fixed, either in hot or cold weather, for people
adults and for children, and to changes
other environments. For example, the span can not be used as a unit
default because different for each person, while
meter applies equally well to adults mapun children. By
therefore, the meter can be used as standard units.

2. Easily recoverable (easy to imitate), so that others who want to
use these units in measurement can
obtain it without much difficulty. Unit mass is kilogram,
easily be recovered by a comparison. Thus,
pounds can be used as standard units. Can we imagine,
how busy if a unit are difficult to make a replica so that the world
there is only one standard unit. Other people who want
measure the amount in question must use only
The standard units to obtain accurate results.

3. The unit must be internationally accepted. It deals with
interests of science and technology. By deterimanya a
unit as international units, the scientists from one country
can easily understand the measurement results from scientists in other countries.

Unit system most widely used around the world, which is valid
in interasional is the SI unit system, short for language
French Systeme International d'Unites. This system was proposed in the General
Conference on weights and Measures of the International Academy of
Science in 1960. In this unit system, there are seven scale
the so-called principal amount.

READ MORE - > Quantities and units

> The amount of principal and derivative

The amount of principal
The amount of principal is the amount that the unit has been defined prior
first. Seven basic quantities in the SI unit system are:
Length (meters)
Mass (kg)
Time (second)
Strong electric current (ampere)
Temperature (kelvin)
Light intensity (candela)
Amount of substance (mole)

Units such as meters, kilograms, and the second is already
defined first. What is the definition of units of
principal amount of these? In the following explanation will be presented definitions
of three basic quantities of length, mass, and time, while unit
Other quantities will be discussed when we discuss the subject
concerned with the amount of vine.

Long
The standard unit for length is the meter in the SI. System of units
based on the meter as a standard measurement system called
metric. At first, the meter is defined as one ten-millionth the distance
between equator and north pole of the earth is measured through the meridian
through the city of Paris. As a standard meter, was made a metal rod
platinum-iridium, which contained both ends of each stroke,
where the distance between two scratches are equal to 1 meter.

In 1960, a standard meter redefined as 1,650,763.73
times the wavelength in vacuum of the color spectrum
orange-red krypton-86 atoms. This is done to re-defining
increase the ease of a standard meter to be made replica, in addition to
to increase accuracy. However, even this definition does not re-
last long, only about 23 years. In 1983, one meter
defined as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during
1/299.792.458 second. With this last definition, complete meters as
standard units meet the requirements specified standard units in front.


Mass
The mass of an object is a number of substances contained in
an object. Mass units in the SI unit system is
kilogram. As a standard for the kilogram, the kilogram standard was made,
which is a metal cylinder made of platinum-iridium, which is now
This is stored in Sevres, near Paris. Initially one kilogram same
with a mass of 1000 cm ³ of pure water at a temperature where the density
maximum, which is 4 º C. But mistakes happen, because it turns out one
kilogram exactly is 1000.028 cm ³ of water.

In everyday conversation, we often confuse the sense mix
mass with weight, but they are different. Weight is the amount of
force experienced by objects due to gravity on the object. For
daily use, is not a confusion of terms
problem, but in physics or an exact science, the definition of mass
and weight should really be distinguished. Has units of mass and weight
different, mass has units of kilograms, while the weight has
Newton unit. The main difference between mass and weight
is that the masses do not depend on the place where the object is located,
while the weight depending on where the object is located. So the weight change
according to the place.

Left
Standard units for time are seconds, which was originally defined
1/86.400 day as the sun. But when scientists found that
solar day is reduced about 0.001 seconds every century, then the second
1/86.400 redefined as solar day in 1900. In
1967, the second was redefined as the time interval from 9192631770
oscillation of the radiation generated by transitions in cesium-133 atom. Tool
measuring time using a cesium atom is cesium atomic clock, which
have a very high accuracy, ie during the 3000 year only
have a second mistake.

The amount of derivatives.
Most of the values which we use in physics and sciences
terapannya (including fluid mechanics and hydraulics, and heavy equipment)
units have a combination of units
principal amount. Such quantities, which determined its unit
based on the principal amount of units, called the scale derivative.
Examples
of the magnitude of this derivative is the area of a square area. Same broad
length times width, where length and width are both
unit length. So vast is the quantity derived from
length scale multiplication with a scale length. Example: Other:
speed (distance divided by time), pressure (force divided by area), the volume of beam
(Length x width x height), discharge (volume divided by time). We know that
speed is the distance (scale length) divided by time. So speed
is a derivative quantity obtained by dividing the amount of
long with the amount of time.

How unit quantities derived from them? It is clear
that the units for the amount of derivatives in accordance with how the
derived quantities were obtained from a combination of basic quantities.

Because the same large scale multiplication of two long, then the unit area
together with the multiplication of two units of length, namely meter x meter = meter
square = m². The unit for speed is the unit of length divided by unit
time, ie meters per second = m / s. It is clear here that that the units
derivative quantities that follow describe the scale derivative. Unit
speed is m / s, mean speed equal to the length (distance) divided
time. The unit for volume is m beam, means the volume is the length
times the length times the length. Density has the units kg / m³, mean mass
type is the mass divided by volume.

READ MORE - > The amount of principal and derivative

> Introduction

Motor vehicles are one of the tools
transportation used by humans to move from
one place to another. Early 19th century's,
vehicle only functioned as a mere means of transportation, it's no wonder
if the manufacturing process has not been touched and aesthetic aspects
comfort. The important thing is the wheels can rotate, so that users can
achieve the goal with a shorter time.

Era of progress and development of automotive technology,
making life increasingly dynamic automotive world. This can be seen from
now motor vehicles not only as a means of transportation, but
developed into a means of creative and achievement, even
vehicles finally become a symbol of a person.
If viewed in terms of shape, the vehicle formerly only shaped
box with a purpose can be used for transporting goods or passengers.

But now, growing very varied forms of vehicles, namely
vehicle with an aerodynamic body, has many accessories and
completeness, and sometimes deliberately designed vehicles that have characteristics
typical of the manufacturer.

The materials used to make cars that time still
the form of wood, then turned into steel that has
good strength, but has a severe weight disadvantage.
Then shifted using eyser plate material, developing
using aluminum body, and present trends in body
fiberglass which has a very light weight.

READ MORE - > Introduction

> Body Construction Vehicles

Car parts are divided into 2 major groups, namely the body and
chassis. Part of the vehicle body is formed in such a
way, (in general) made of metal plate (steel plate) which
thickness between 0.6 mm - 0.9 mm as a passenger or goods.

Chassis is part of the vehicle that serves as
sustaining the body and consists of the frame (frame), engine (engine), power train
(Energy transfer), wheels (the wheels), steering system (steering system),
suspension system (suspension system), brake system (brake system) and
Other completeness.

Based on the attachment of the body on frame construction, the
there are 2 types of vehicle body construction, ie composite construction
(Alone) and construction monocoq (attached).

Framework is attached to his place all the components
vehicle including the body. Framework must be strong, lightweight, sturdy and resistant
to vibration, or shock received from the condition of the road. Facebook
strong then there is a box truss construction, the shape of U or pipe, which
generally consists of two rods that elongate and connected
with a transverse section. In the early development of body technology
and the vehicle frame, body and frame are made separately
(Composite body) but lately the body and frame are made together
(Monocoque body, also called the integral body), especially in
sedan vehicle.

Separate Construction (Composite)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and chassis
separately. Linkage / connection between body and frame using
bolts and nuts. To improve comfort during use, then
between body and frame mounted rubber as a means of dampening vibration.

Construction framework of a separate body and this makes it easy
in replacement of vehicle body parts were damaged,
body especially the lower-or-break order. This construction
usually used on the old type of sedan vehicles, vehicle
passenger and freight cars. (Eg trucks, buses, pick-ups and
etc.).

Converge construction (monocoque)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and frame
composed into a single unit. This construction uses the principle of skin
eggs, which is a unified whole so that all load
divided evenly on all parts of the skin. Linkage between body and
order to use the weld.

Because the body and frame together, then the shape can become more
low compared with the composite type so that the point of gravity weight
lower will cause the vehicle more stable. This construction
used on the sedan, even a few vehicles MPV (Multi Purpose
Vehicle) began implementing monocoq body construction.

Frame Types
Based on the shape, order vehicles can be divided into several
types, namely: (a) order form H, (b) frame the perimeter, (c) frame
form X, (d) framework forms the backbone (backbone), and skeletal
form the floor (platform frame).

Order form H.
Its construction is very simple, easy to make, widely used for
vehicle bus, truck.

Perimeter Frame.
Framework of the perimeter is a revised form of H, the body attached
on the edge of the frame so that the position of the floor can be lowered. Reduction
floor of the vehicle will lower the center of the vehicle weight and height
reduced vehicle so that steering a steady, passenger space
become more freely, widely used for the sedan.

Order form X.
Beam frame construction consists of two rod-shaped main frame
longitudinal beams together in the middle. Place of engagement with
body and the doors can be made low enough for easy in and out
vehicles, robust against rotation, used to the old type sedan.

Order forms Spine (Back Bone).
Construction framework of a single model framework, the middle
bear the burden (back) and arms that stand out as the holder
body. This kind of frame construction also allows the center weight
vehicle is made lower. Construction framework of this model often
used for passenger cars and trucks.

Floor Model Frame (Frame Platform).
Body and frame welded into one, so it is a form
integrated, allowing the interior space is made large. Another advantage
the use of frame construction this model is resilient
good enough against bending and torsion.

READ MORE - > Body Construction Vehicles

> Divide the right angle into three equal size

a. circle an arc circle with point A as  center with an arbitrary radius R: arc, circle this  cut AB at P leg angle and leg angle at O. AC  

b. Create with radius R and arc circle with a dot  P and O the center of the second arc of this circle arc cutting the first in the points R and S. 

c. Pull the line AR and AS, then angle = angle BAR RAS =  SAC corner.

READ MORE - > Divide the right angle into three equal size

> Divide into two equal angles

a. circle an arc circle with point A as center with an arbitrary radius R is cut off feet angle AB and AC dititik-point P and O.
 
b. Create with P and O as the center of the circle arc with arbitrary radii R2 and R3 (R2 = R3) the same large.
The two arcs intersect the circle at T
 
c. Pull the line AT BAT angle = angle TAC.

READ MORE - > Divide into two equal angles

> Move the corner

a. Make a circle with A partial arc with a center arbitrary radius R is cut off the legs of angle AB and conditioned on n and m  

b. Create an arc from the A1 well of radius R1 (R = R1) that cut the legs angle in m1 C1 A1 

c. Create an arc from a point m with radius r = nm 

d. Create also arc of radius r1 = r from the point m1 this arc cuts the first arc (radius R1) at point n 

e. Pull the line A1 n1 which is the leg angle A1 B1 A1 B1 C1 then angle = angle BAC

READ MORE - > Move the corner